TLR4 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody for WB, IF/ICC, ELISA - O00206

Core Product Specifications and Parameters

Biological Background: TLR4 Function and Localization

• Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a transmembrane pattern recognition receptor that recognizes pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) to initiate innate immune responses. Related references: PMID:10835634 PMID:15809303 PMID:16622205
• At the plasma membrane, TLR4 cooperates with LY96 (MD-2) to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Related references: PMID:27022195
• TLR4 signals via MYD88 and TIRAP leading to NF-kappa-B activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, while CD14-mediated internalization triggers a MYD88-independent pathway via TICAM1-TBK1-IRF3 for type I interferon production. Related references: PMID:10835634 PMID:21393102 PMID:27022195 PMID:14517278
• In complex with TLR6, TLR4 promotes inflammation in monocytes/macrophages and triggers ligand-induced internalization and signaling for specific cytokine production. Related references: PMID:23880187
• TLR4 is also involved in LPS-independent inflammatory responses triggered by free fatty acids and Ni(2+), and initiates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Related references: PMID:20711192 PMID:32894580
• Subcellularly, TLR4 localizes to the cell membrane, early endosomes, and cell projections such as ruffles.
• TLR4 is highly expressed in placenta, spleen, and peripheral blood leukocytes, and detected in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T-cells; it is also expressed in pancreatic cancer cells. Related references: PMID:9237759 PMID:9435236 PMID:27022195 PMID:36232715
• The protein contains leucine-rich repeats, a disulfide bond, and is glycosylated; it belongs to the Toll-like receptor family and is a key player in innate immunity and inflammatory responses.

Experimental Guidance and Technical Tips

• The immunogen corresponds to amino acids 27-228 of human TLR4, covering the extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain; this region is critical for ligand recognition and receptor dimerization.
• For Western blotting (WB), a band near 96kDa is expected; however, glycosylation and potential dimerization may lead to slightly higher molecular weight species. Validate using appropriate positive controls (e.g., THP-1 cells, splenocyte lysates).
• In immunofluorescence/immunocytochemistry (IF/ICC), TLR4 can be detected at the cell membrane, endosomes, and ruffles. Optimize fixation and permeabilization conditions for your cell type; consider co-staining with markers for these compartments.
• For ELISA, the antibody may be used to capture or detect TLR4; confirm performance with recombinant protein or cell lysates from human or mouse origin.
• As a polyclonal antibody, it may recognize multiple epitopes, which can enhance detection sensitivity but may also exhibit higher background; titration and blocking optimization are recommended.
• Cross-reactivity with human and mouse TLR4 is indicated; verify reactivity in your specific experimental system if using other species.

CamelBio: Your One-Stop Sourcing Bridge

CamelBio offers a comprehensive portfolio of IVD raw materials, including validated antibody pairs and optimized polyclonal antibodies like this TLR4 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody, supporting research into innate immunity and inflammation. Our one-stop sourcing platform also provides access to bulk ancillary reagents and custom procurement for rare-target raw materials, streamlining your diagnostic development from concept to clinic.