APC Anti-Human CD28 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody for Flow Cytometry - P10747

Core Product Specifications and Parameters

Biological Background: CD28 Function and Localization

• CD28 is a T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein that serves as a critical co-stimulatory receptor, essential for T-cell activation, proliferation, and survival, thereby maintaining immune homeostasis. Related references: PMID:1650475, PMID:7568038
• Beyond amplifying TCR signals, CD28 delivers unique intracellular signals that reprogram the gene expression of T-cells, modulating biochemical events that shape the immune response. Related references: PMID:24665965
• Engagement of CD28 by its ligands CD80 (B7-1) or CD86 (B7-2) enhances the production of various cytokines, particularly IL-2, in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets. Related references: PMID:12196291, PMID:35397202
• Mechanistically, ligand binding recruits protein kinase C-theta (PRKCQ) and the adaptor GRB2, leading to NF-kappa-B activation through both PI3K/Akt-dependent and -independent pathways. Related references: PMID:21964608, PMID:7568038
• In the presence of TCR/CD3 and CD40L co-stimulation, CD28 synergistically promotes the production of IL-4 and IL-10, polarizing T-cell responses. Related references: PMID:8617933
• CD28 also enhances CD40L-mediated activation of NF-kappa-B and kinases MAPK8 (JNK) and PAK2, further integrating co-stimulatory pathways. Related references: PMID:15067037
• The protein localizes to the cell membrane and cell surface, consistent with its role as a transmembrane receptor.
• CD28 is expressed primarily in T-cells and plasma cells, with lower expression in immature B-cells, and features a disulfide-linked immunoglobulin domain, multiple glycosylation sites, and phosphorylation-dependent signaling.

Experimental Guidance and Technical Tips

• The antibody is directly conjugated to APC, enabling single-step flow cytometry without secondary detection reagents. Protect from prolonged light exposure to prevent photobleaching.
• For optimal staining, titrate the antibody to determine the ideal concentration for your specific cell type and experimental conditions.
• Validate reactivity in the human immune cell system, as CD28 is highly expressed on T-cells and plasma cells; inclusion of appropriate isotype controls and Fc receptor blocking is recommended.
• If combining with other fluorophores, consider APC’s spectral compatibility and potential spillover; design appropriate compensation controls.
• Since the immunogen information is not provided, confirm epitope accessibility and performance in your target cell population.

CamelBio: Your One-Stop Sourcing Bridge

CamelBio is a dedicated provider of IVD raw materials, offering this APC anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody to support immunology and immunotherapy research. Complemented by a full portfolio of validated antibody pairs, bulk ancillary reagents, and custom sourcing for rare targets, we help diagnostic manufacturers and laboratories streamline their workflow from concept to clinic with reliable supply chains and technical expertise.